TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .......................................... .................................................................................. i
APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................. ii
DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ ...... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................... ..... ............... ................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. v
LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of study ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Research objectives ................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of the study ............................................................................. ..... ......... ..... ..... ................ 4
1.4.1 Geographical scope ................................................................................................................ 4
1.6.1 Content scope ......................................................................................................................... 4
1. 7 Significance of the study ................................................................... ........................................ 4
1.8 Limitations of the study .................................................................... ........................................ 5
1.9 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.10 Literature review .............................. ....................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 13
THE CONTROL AND APPLICATION OF POLLUTER PAY PRINCIPLE ............................ 13
2.1 Introduction ............ ....................... ..................................... .' ................................................... 13
2.2 Precautionary Principle ........................................................................................................... 13
2.3 The concept of sustainable development ................................................................................ 15
v
2.4 Pollution control. ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.5 Application of the principle Bdefhistmy ............................................................................... 18
2.6 Effectiveness of the 'polluter pays' principle/conclusion ....................................................... 26
2.7 Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities ...................................................... 26
2.8 Declaration which states ......................................................................................................... 27
2.9 Participatory Principle ............................................................................................................ 27
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 29
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW INCLUDING ACCESS TO
JUSTICE, INFORMATION, AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ON POLLUTER PAYS ........ 29
3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 29
3.1 Sources and Approaches ......................................................................................................... 30
3.2 General Principles ................................................................................................................... 3 3
3.3 Rio Principle 10 ...................................................................................................................... 34
3.4 Principles 15 and 16 ................................................................................................................ 36
3.5 Principle 17 ............................................................................................................................. 37
3.6 Inter & Intra-generational Equity ............................................................................................ 40
3.7 Doctrine of Public Trust .......................................................................................................... 42
3.8 Environmental Treaties and Players ....................................................................................... 43
3.9 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 49
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES, CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOLS ................................................................... 49
4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 49
4.1 Overview on the international treats ....................................................................................... 49
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 52
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 52
vi
5.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 52
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 52
5.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 54
CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction This paper examines the analysis of the polluter pay principle on preserving environment in uganda as envisaged in the Constitution of Uganda 1995, its legal underpinnings and the extent to which the same has been realised for the Ugandan people. The paper also argues that there is need to re-conceptualize the protection and enforcement on the environmental protection regulations for the Uganda. Therefore this chapter covered background of the study, statement of the problem, objective, questions, methodology and literature review. 1.1 Background of study The polluter pays principle (PPP) was developed in the 1970s as an economic principle within the frameworks of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the then European Economic Conummity (EEC). Its aim was to internalize external costs in order to avoid distortions of trade and competition. It was initially recognized in regional soft law instmment of these two organizations. In 1972, the OECD Guiding Principles Conceming the International Economic Aspects of Environmental Policies 1 first articulated PPP as a principle 'to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce envirornnental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment'. The principle implies that 'the polluter should bear the expenses of canying out the measures decided by public authorities to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state and that 'the cost of these measures ,should be reflected in the cost of goods and services which cause pollution in production and/or consumption?
